Turns redirect links into their real destination and drops tracking parameters. Unwraps Google search/Ads/image/AMP links, YouTube, Facebook and Instagram shims, LinkedIn, Slack, Reddit, DuckDuckGo, Disqus, Tumblr, SoundCloud, href.li, Outlook Safe Links and Proofpoint URL Defense — repeatedly, for nested wrappers. Stripping removes utm_*, gclid, fbclid, msclkid, Mailchimp/HubSpot/Marketo ids and similar keys while keeping functional parameters such as page=2. Nothing is fetched; the links are parsed locally only.